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Abstract
Dioon caputoi is a Mexican endemic species that is distributed along a very small area inside the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve. Our main goal was to assess the basic demographic features of two populations and to verify the presence of other possible populations in the region. In both populations, the number of individuals is small, the population structure is an "inverse-j" type, the percentages of reproductive individuals are 30% and 40% respectively, and the sex ratio is 2.5:1 in favor of males. Besides these analyses, we carried out a survey of the surrounding region and found three new D. caputoi localities, which have larger population sizes than the original two. The natural vegetation at two of the five population sites presented a very advanced level of degradation.